Chant is the primary musical form of the Roman Rite. It is monophonic (a single melodic line) and a cappella (unaccompanied by instruments), featuring a free-flowing rhythm that follows the natural accentuation of the Latin text. Chant is used for both the Ordinary (parts that remain the same in every Mass, such as the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei) and the Proper (parts that change daily, such as the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Offertory, and Communion).

Polyphony is the second major style, particularly from the Renaissance period. This music features multiple independent vocal lines woven together in complex harmony. Polyphony is often used for the Ordinary or specific motets during the Offertory or Communion. While rich and complex, it is selected and applied to ensure it maintains a sacred character and does not obscure the liturgy. Vernacular hymns are typically not sung during Mass but may be sung before Mass begins during the processional or after the final blessing during the recessional.